“Who: Everyone!”: Misusing the Six Journalistic Questions

Here is my opening metaphor: you're at a restaurant. As you are led to your table, you see all of the food everyone else is eating. You don't know the names of the different meals, nor what are appetizers, entrees, or even desserts. It's all food. And it all looks good. So when the waiter hands you a menu, you don't thank them and look for something you want. You simply respond by saying you want everything. Every salad, every soup, every steak, ever sandwich, every pasta, every drink, every desert, every appetizer, every special. 

This is what happens when you are establishing criteria using the Six Journalistic Questions and use the words “every” or “all” or even anything all-inclusive like “Americans” and “parents”. It's misusing a tool by not using it for its specific purpose. Anytime you say, “Who am I writing about? Well, everyone of course” you make serious assumptions that neglect aspects of humanity.

Saying “Everyone” takes every single possible permutation of human demographics and lumps them all together. It's trusting that all of humanity has the same perspectives, backgrounds, histories, cultures, economic statuses, medical conditions, blood types, diet habits, political affiliation, religious beliefs, living conditions, education levels, etc. It's a claim that everyone is the same. As one of my students once said, “it includes the babies in India.” I'll expand this to say it includes the babies that were in India thousands of years ago. Everyone means everyone is alive, will be alive, and has been alive.

The purpose of the six journalistic questions is to avoid these kinds of fallacious decisions by providing a means to make distinctions between criteria and narrowing one's focus. Going through the Six Journalistic Questions’ process is not a slapdash matter: it requires serious consideration.

There are two solutions to this. The first is to recognize you may not need a “who” as part of your Six Journalistic Questions. Not every criteria has to be filled and forcing criteria in can do more harm than good. When a physicist researches and writes about physics principles, they're not concerned with groups of people or demographics, so they wouldn't have any.

The second is the most important and goes back to what the Six Journalistic Questions are for in the first place: asking who does this involve. In these situations, it would be wise to put “who” on hold and go over the other criteria. Once the what, where, when, how, and why are filled, it can be easier to go back and determine if you even need a “who” and look at it in the light of the rest of your criteria.

There are, however, issues that do involve humans, but not demographics. These deal with issues like health, nutrition, education, safety, etc.. I've never seen a Nutrition facts label divided up by demographic or economic level. In these situations, as counterintuitive it may be, there still is not a “who.” This is because the focus of such studies is on the efficacy or validity of certain things.

There are issues, like medical conditions, that can require differentiation. For example, if you're writing about diabetics, “Diabetics” will appear in the “Who,” and if you're dealing with a control group, you'd also have “not diabetics.” But for a health oriented study looking at diabetes, this works because you've singled it down to specific criteria and other “who” may or may not factor in. Good guidelines for one diabetic generally will be good for another. There are of course other ways to focus the study, like looking at how diabetes appears and affects people of different racial backgrounds, but not ever study of diabetes needs to take that course. Odds are, if it is something affecting people in general, you don't need to specify a “who.”

I chose to focus on “who” for this post because it seems to be the main offender, but the same issue can appear anywhere else in the Six Journalistic Questions. Don't make hasty generalizations about the breadth of your topic or misunderstand the purpose of this tool. Like anything, it can be misused. The final piece of advice on this matter is take your time, ask yourself questions, and use this to narrow it down. It isn't a matter of checking off boxes: it’s a matter of refining your writing.